Media Magazine

Horror and Heroics: the Cinema of September 11th
http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/mmagpast/MM37_Production_Cinema9_11.html
Immediately following the attacks, Hollywood took a sensitive step away from disaster spectacle. The original teaser trailer for Spiderman (2002) had featured the titular hero spinning a web between the two towers of the WTC in order to catch a helicopter full of criminals.

10 wiki quotes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britz_(TV_serial)


http://www.channel4.com/programmes/britz/episode-guide/series-1


"Peter Kosminsky's drama about a British Muslim family who are pulled in radically different directions by their conflicting personal experiences in post 9/11 Britain"


"His desire to assimilate into every aspect of contemporary British culture sees him driven into the open arms of MI5 where his first assignment is to help track down a terrorist cell linked to July 7th London bombers". 

"Sohail is forced to question where his loyalties really lie, with the Pakistani Muslim community or with the country of his birth, England"


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3669027/Britz-blew-its-credibility-in-the-final-minute.html

"Drainingly powerful drama about Muslims in post 7/7 Britain, set out to uproot Western prejudices and to humanise terror suspects"


"It was about justice versus bigotry on both sides. The pro-British and the anti-British were as good as bad as each other". 


"The action was sweatily tense and each twist as sudden as a smack in the mouth". 


"Peter Kosminsky, intended merely to shock, but the positioning of this message, in isolation at the end, suggested it was the moral of the story". 


"Britz had persuaded me to sympathise with Muslims who believe Britain is becoming a police state"


http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0991005/


"Two British - born Muslims siblings are drawn in radically different directions after 9/11"


"At the heart of this thought-provoking drama is a revealing examination of British Muslim life under current anti-terror legislation". 


"Britz ulimately asks whether the laws we think are making us safer, are actually putting us in greater danger". 

Quotes from three blogs

http://ranj-researchandproduction.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html

Despite the success of 'Slumdog Millionaire' why is that there is a still a lack of South Asian actors in Hollywood?

"Ethnic minorities are continually misrepresented by racial (and racist) stereotypes".  -  Laughey, D. (2009). p78

"Media stereotyping occurs when the roles and behaviour on personal characteristics of a particular group are portrayed in a limited fashion" - Willams, K. (2003). p.131. 

"Ethnic minority viewers accused all broadcasters of tokenism and stereotyping, screening exaggerated and extreme representations of minorities and failing to reflect modern ethnic minority cultures". - http://blogs.coventrytelegraph.net/passtheremote/2008/07/top-soaps-accused-of-stereotyp.html

"Stereotypes are thus neither neutral nor fair, preventing the examinations of differences within groups" - Williams, K. (2003). p. 130 

"As the media are highly selective in the way in which they construct and represent the world back to us" - Kruger, S. Rayner, P. Wall, P. (2004). p.47 


http://mest4-mariam.blogspot.com/2011/05/how-does-r-genre-construct-certain.html
How does the R&B genre construct certain gender ideologies around artists such as Ne-Yo and Rihanna? Why might these ideologies be considered post-feminist? 

"This is supported by Roland Barthes who says 'there is social probhibition against the feminization of men, there is almost none against the masculinisation of women." - Macdonald, M. (1995). Representing women: myths of femininity in the popular media. London: E.Arnold;.P215


"Although 'the majority of women still see themselves as housewives and a high proportion of product are aied at women in their traditional role rather than in their business role".  - ASA Spokesperson in the Guardian, 26 June, 1978

http://bilaalmughalmest4.blogspot.com/2011/05/critical-investigation-final.html
How and why does graphic violence within video games such 'Call of Duty' attract a teenage demographic?

"Modern Warefare 2 contain images and narratives that resonate with and reinforce a tabloid imagery of post 9/11 geopolitics which "glorify military power and elicit content for the idea that state violence and wars are inevitable". - http://ejas.revues.org/8831 "Invading your hearts and minds": Call of duty* and the (re)writing of militarism in U.S. digital games and popular culture

Book Quotes

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Muslims-Routledge-Studies-Liberty-Security/dp/0415776546/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&qid=1323115032&sr=8-8#reader_0415776546
Muslims in the West After 9/11

"Since 9/11 the debate on the compatibilty between Islam and Western political and cultural vaules has become increasingly public".

"The problem is the use of the concepts of "culture" and "civilzation", especially describing Islam".

"Islam has become the domain and privileged topic of terrorism".

"He suggests that current Islamic terroism discourse is the product of three disinct and very infleuntial genealogies".

"The discourse on Islamic terroism is predicated on binary oppositions: the West versus Islam, democracy anti-modernity and secularism versus religion".


"Islam is portrayed as inherently violent and Muslims are portrayed as desperately incapable of separating religion and politics". 


"Terrorism is directly linked to fundamentalist forms of Islam, and thus the "bloody borders of Islam" stain much of the discourse on Islam". 


"The post 9/11 situation has blurred the distinction between national and international politics when it comes to  Islam". 


http://www.amazon.co.uk/Framing-Muslims-Stereotyping-Representation-After/dp/0674048520/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323122817&sr=1-3Framing%20Muslims:%20Stereotypes%20and%20Representation%20After%209/11
Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation after 9/11 

"Islam and Freedom: Are they destined to clash?" (Newsweek). 

"Such images are distored abstractions. Extraploating from context - specific controversies, they paint Muslims as a homogeneous, zombie-like body".

"Muslims now find themselves across large swathes of the world, and because of the stereotyping of Muslims takes place in repeated in acts of representation by polictians, by press and media".

"Muslims are stereotyped and "framed" within the polictial, cultural, and media discourses of the West".

"Far from being accurate or netural, contemporary images of Muslims presented by politicans and in the mainstream media and cultural forms are almost tied to an agenda that simulataneously accounces its desire to "engage" with them".

"All these stereotypes have emegened with the renewed force since 9/11".

 

     

Five Book Names

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Muslims-Routledge-Studies-Liberty-Security/dp/0415776546/ref=sr_1_8?ie=UTF8&qid=1323115032&sr=8-8
Muslims in the West After 9/11 


http://www.amazon.co.uk/Framing-Muslims-Stereotyping-Representation-After/dp/0674048520/ref=sr_1_3?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323122817&sr=1-3
Framing Muslims: Stereotypes and Representation After 9/11


http://www.amazon.co.uk/Islamophobia-Making-Muslims-Peter-Gottschalk/dp/0742552861/ref=sr_1_5?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323122896&sr=1-5
Islamphobia: Making Muslims the Enemy 


http://www.amazon.co.uk/Reporting-Islam-Representations-British-Muslims/dp/1860646875
Reporting Islam: Media Representations of British Muslims 


http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Muslims_and_the_news_media.html?id=-zcIlDfHfn0C&redir_esc=y
Muslims and the News Media 

5 Independent Quotes

http://www.independent.co.uk/hei-fi/views/yasmin-alibhaibrown-the-shadow-hanging-over-muslims-is-lifting-2351182.html?origin=internalSearch
Yasmin Alibhai-Brown: The shadow hanging over Muslims is lifting
1. "History, they say, was made and unmade on 9/11.The psychic shock seemed to first unite all humanity, but then Bush and Blair launched their sinister war on terror and our earth was split apart, gashed like those scenes you see after earthquakes". 
2. "According to a New Statesman survey, 49 per cent of interviewees feared home-grown terrorists and only 21 per cent worry about foreign attackers".


http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/yasmin-alibhai-brown/yasmin-alibhaibrown-david-camerons-message-is-that-muslims-are-not-wanted-2206381.html?origin=internalSearch
Yasmin Alibhai-Brown: David Cameron's message is that Muslims are not wanted
3. "Muslims and migrants are being used to distract people from the planned chaos implemented by this unpopular coalition". 


http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/the-islamification-of-britain-record-numbers-embrace-muslim-faith-2175178.html?origin=internalSearch
The Islamification of Britain: record numbers embrace Muslim faith  
4. "Following the global spread of violent Islamism, British Muslims have faced more scrutiny, criticism and analysis than any other religious community". 
5. The report by Faith Matters also studied the way converts were portrayed by the media and found that while 32 per cent of articles on Islam published since 2001 were linked to terrorism or extremism, the figure jumped to 62 per cent with converts. 

10 Guardian Quotes

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/29/muslim-women-fighting-islamic-extremism?INTCMP=SRCH
Muslim women: beyond the stereotype
1. Despite Khan's frustration at stereotyping, she is not blind to the fact that not all Muslim women have had the same freedeom and opprtunites as she has, recongnising that there are "Muslim women not allowed to go out of the house".

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2009/may/31/eastenders-gay-muslim?INTCMP=SRCH
A gay Muslim in EastEnders? Big deal
An EastEnders storyline featuring a gay Muslim character is unlikely to shake the community, depsite what some are predicting
2. "News of the plot comes just weeks after a Gallup survey was widely reported as revealing that British Muslims have 0% approval rating of gay lifestyles".
3. "Yes, traditional Islamic opinion, in line with the other Abrahamic faiths, advocates and promotes sexual expression between a husband and wife and disapproves of anything that falls outside those boundaries, hence the 0% statistic".

http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/may/28/eastenders-gay-love-affair?INTCMP=SRCH
Eastenders: Muslim character to have gay love affair 
4. "The Masood family was introduced in 2007 following criticism that a previous Asian family, the Ferreiras, were not authentic. The intention was to develop the Masoods as "rounded human beings tackling the issues of day-to-day life in Albert Square", Santer said.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/jul/29/gay-muslims-britain?INTCMP=SRCH
What's it like being a gay Muslim?
5. "advised the BBC on the storyline in the hope that the character of Syed Masood would help tackle the double discrimination of homophobia and Islamophobia that many gay Muslims face".

http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/may/10/eastenders-bbc-john-yorke?INTCMP=SRCH
EastEnders is unrealistic, admits BBC drama exective"
6. "EastEnders is at its most entertaining when it has a typically preposterous long-running storyline. When it attempts to be earnest and realistic and look at all sides of an issue, that is where it can go wrong,"


http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/nov/30/islamandbritain.madeleinebunting
Young, Muslim and British 
7. "The 'war on terror' has put British Muslims under the spotlight as never before". 
8. "But the post 9/11 debates amongst Muslims on faith, identity and integration are rarely heard in the mainstream media". 
9. "Insure, lacking self-confidence, haunted by failure and by personal experiences of deprivation, racism and, since 9/11, oppressive anti-terrorist measures and increasing Islamophobia".


http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/nov/30/islamandbritain4
'Politicians need to stop making Muslims scapegoats'
10. "The government lumped all Muslims together after September 11. Not just abroad, in counties such as Iraq and Afghanistan, but also domestically. The government demanded that Muslims condemn the terrorist actions of other Muslims. This meant British Muslims were associated with terrorists".   

Google Searchers

10 Internet Links 
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1341167/
Four Lions 
The film Four Lions, shows four incompetent British jihadists set out to train for and commit and act of terror. The film mocks how Muslims are portrayed in society and represent the stereotypes that are placed upon Muslims. 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/29/muslim-women-fighting-islamic-extremism
Muslim women: beyond the stereotype 
The article shows young British born Muslims fighting the prejudice and stereotypes that they are being faced upon. 


http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/archive/british-drama-probes-muslim-extremists-mind.html
British drama probes Muslim extremists' mind
The article talks about the channel 4 drama Britz. The article talks about the laws passed against Muslims post 9/11 in which the drama reflects upon. 


http://www.amp.ghazali.net/6-Stereotyping_Muslims_and_Arabs.pdf
Post 9/11 challenge - stereotyping Muslims and Arabs 
The PDF file talks about the different stereotypes that Muslims and Arabs in the media post 9/11. The site also talks about in which ways Muslims are stereotyped. 


www2.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EMTEL/.../papers/Ahmed.doc
Young Muslims and Muslim media in Britain 
The word document talks about how young Muslims are represented in the mainstream media and how they feel they are reflected in the media. 


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Bradford_riots
Bradford Riots 
Although the Bradford Riots took place in 2001, more than 5 years ago the riots show the hatred that Muslims have faced even months before the 9/11 attacks. 


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7093390.stm
Muslims 'demonised' by UK media
BBC article shows 91% of Muslims feel that they are being demonised by the media in the UK, the article shows stats and polls that have taken during their research to come to the conclusion.


http://wallscometumblingdown.wordpress.com/2008/10/05/eastenders-shows-that-muslims-are-humancall-the-islamophobia-police/
Eastenders shows that Muslims are human... it's islamophobic!!!
The article talks about how the British drama Eastenders misrepresents the Muslim community. The article talks about how the drama represents Muslim stereotypes not alternative representations.  


http://relijournal.com/islam/eastenders-pushing-the-stereotype-to-far-the-masoods/
Eastenders pushing the stereotype to far - The Masoods
The article talks about how Eastenders are representing The Masood family in a negative way and believe that all Muslims behave the same way in which The Masood family are portrayed to. 


http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/3948185/Survey-Most-patriotic-Brits-are-Muslims.html
Survey: Most patriotic Brits are Muslims  
The article published in The Sun, shows Muslims in a positive way stating that they are proud to be British and enjoy living in Britain.

Critical Investigation Idea 

"How are Muslims represented and stereotyped in British dramas such as Britz?"

Linked Production 

The linked production ideas will either be an opening to a British film or an opening to a new series drama. The protagonist in the production will be a young female Muslim who wake up hangover from a night of partying, however realises that she has to come back to reality to her strict life style in which her parents are arranging her arranged marriage to a stranger. The production will portray the stereotypes that Muslims are faced upon. 

Who you're working with

Rabia 

Critical Investigation keywords

British Drama 

EastEnders

Young Muslims 

Stereotypes

9/11

7/7

Migrain  

M- Media Language 

• Mise-en-scene: clothing - mini skirt, short dresses (alternative representation), indian suit (dominant representation)
• Sound: diegetic 
• Editing: montage scene of the night before, fade in/out

I-Institution

• Scheduling: watershed period
• Ethics: reconstruction
• Production: non-hollywood  

G-Genre 

• Broadcast fiction genres: serial/mini series 
• Broadcast fiction elements: title sequences - showing the all of the characters, theme tune of the programme 
• Genre conventions: Set in the heart of London, Asian characters

R-Representation

• Stereotypes: challenge/reinforce the stereotypes against Muslims    
• Gender: protagonist is a young female Muslim
• Positive/negative: reflects society in an unfair, inaccurate manor

A-Audience 

• Target audience: young adults, aged between 16-25, middle class background
• Narrative pleasures: escapism and entertainment 
• Theories: user and gratification

I-Ideology & Values

• Liberal values: multiculturalism 
• Dominant ideology: traditional values
• Positive values: to entertain

N-Narrative

• Narrative roles: female protagonist (Propp)
• Non-linear narrative: flashback to the night before
• Closure: cliffhanger

SHEP

S-Social 

• Social factors such as Muslims being stereotyped in society
• The way Muslims are viewed because of their religion and their colour

H-Historical 

• After the attacks of 9/11 and 7/7 Muslims have be stereotyped as terrorists
• People like Bin Laden and Sadam Hussein have changed the name of Muslims into negative

E-Economical 

• Many Muslim actors are being starred in Hollywood films
• Many Muslims such as Amir Khan have made a positive representations of young Muslims 

P-Political 

• Government may have a prejudice against Muslims 
• BNP/EDL: Banning Muslims against crusaders 

Issues & Debates

Stuart Hall - Alternative representations of hegemony 

Cultural imperialism perspective - American values and ideologies are imposed upon the rest of the world

Judith Butler - Gender is not the result of nature but is socially constructed 

Post 9/11 and 7/7 bombings as well as Bradford riots in the UK and USA have changed the way Muslims are viewed in society as well as the rest of the world 

This study fits into the contemporary media landscape because of the ongoing stereotypes against Muslims in which have been represented in British dramas such as Britz and the films such as Four Lions, East is East and Bradford Riots. After the attacks of 9/11 and 7/7 the mainstream media have stereotyped all Muslims to be bombers. The production that I am going to create is going to challenge and these stereotypes. 

10 Internet links 

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0991005/

The programme Britz shows two young British Muslims radically different directions after 9/11. The site explains the plot of the two part drama. 

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1341167/

The film Four Lions, shows four incompetent British jihadists set out to train for and commit an act of terror. The film mocks how Muslims are portrayed in society and represent the stereotypes that are placed upon Muslims.   

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Bradford_riots

Although the Bradford Riots took place in 2001, more than 5 years ago the riots show the hatred that Muslims have faced even months before the 9/11 attacks. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories

Wikipedia shows what happened in the events of 9/11 America which changed history for the world, forever, and portrayed Muslims in a different way. 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7093390.stm

BBC article shows 91% of Muslims feel that they are demonised by the media in the UK, the article shows stats and polls that have taken in their research. 

http://www.wkconline.org/resources/pdf/2005muslim_Aslam_Abdullah.pdf

The site shows how Muslims have been represented in the media after the 9/11 attacks. 

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1852971.stm

The article shows how women who are Muslims denouncing Muslim stereotyped that they are faced upon.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mypods_and_Boomsticks

In the Simspons episode Muslims were portrayed as terriosts, trying to blow up the mall in Springfield.

http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/3948185/Survey-Most-patriotic-Brits-are-Muslims.html

The article published in The Sun, shows Muslims in a positive way stating that they are proud to be British and enjoy living in Britain. 

http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/29/muslim-women-fighting-islamic-extremism

The article shows young British born Muslims fighting the prejudice and stereotypes that they are being faced upon. 

Powerpoint - EastEnders

https://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dgd3brc8_0g43skffq

Summer Project - EastEnders

Media Representations

EastEnders is a long – time running British television soap opera. It has been airing since February 1985 and still is an ongoing popular soap opera. EastEnders portrays normal working class people who live in a together in Albert Square. EastEnders is built around the ideas of relationships and strong families which each character having their place in the community. The characters in EastEnders are presented in a negative and stereotypical way to create humour and create conflicts between the characters.  The soap presents characters from different multi-cultural backgrounds. For example, The Masood family is presented as a typical stereotypical family. However the representation that is made is not always accurate and fair. For example the characters Syed and Christian are presented in a negative way as they other characters are presented to be homophobic.

The characters in EastEnders are all presented to be positive however having their flaws at the same time which shine through. EastEnders presents a wide range of ethnic groups compared the other soap operas. By doing this the viewers are allowed to interact and relate to the characters. Also the soap opera is presented to be realistic if it covers stories which are happening in Britain at the time. 

Narrative  

EastEnders is aired on a daily basis before the water shed time on BBC One. It is aired four times in a week, usually Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. However on special festival occasions such as Christmas and New year or an special plot, EastEnders have extended episodes for their consumer audience to enjoy. The demand for EastEnders on special occasions has risen over the years with hitting 11 million views on Christmas day. 

The narrative usually starts off where it was left in the previous episode, however a recap is not shown of what has happened in the previous episode. The soap opera consists of many storylines in one episode. There are usually over four storylines going on at once which engages the audience into the soap and keeps them entertained with many storylines. The narrative usually follows many theories such as Tzvetan Todorov's narrative theory alongside Vladimir Propp's character structure theory. The narrative usually follows Tzetan Todorov's theory with plot lines which start off with an state of equilibrium by some action which is followed by an dis- equilibrium and then is soon resolved with an new-  equilibrium. Accompanying Todorov's theory EastEnders uses Propp's character structure theory using characters such as donors, villain's, the hero or victim, the princess and the dispatcher. 

EastEnders used Todorov's and Propp's theory for Ronnie and Kat's storyline. The equilibrium was presented to be Ronnie realising her baby has passed away. Ronnie was seen as the villain as the dis-equilibrium was presented as she stole Kat's baby and replaced it was her baby which suffered from a cot death. However as the storyline went on and Kat became the victim not knowing what was taken from her the storyline came to an end with the new-equilibrium taking place as Ronnie admitted on taking Kat's baby Tommy. The use of Todorov's and Propp's theories helped the audience understand, make judgements and opinions for themselves. 

Throughout the episodes the audience is able to interact, engage and understand the characters feelings. The editors use sound such as happy music when an important character leaves which helps the audience understand what is happening at the stage of the episode. Different camera shots such shot - reverse - shots allow the audience interact with the characters as they can see their emotions with close shots and their body language through medium- shots. The clothing worn by characters connotes to the audience what they characters are like. Also it helps bring a realistic view to the soap opera.  

Genre:

The genre of the text is soap operas. The conventions of soap operas are usually many continuous storylines in one episode and multi stranded narratives. Usually the storylines are focused on family life and personal relationships. The storylines are usually focused on working class communities and are usually set in a particular place. Other conventions consist of no relation to the outside world and placement of clocks and diegetic sounds create realism. All these conventions are followed by the writer’s, directors and stars who play the characters we watch on TV. The conventions help create realism and portray the soap’s ideology.   

Media Institutions

EastEnders is aired by the BBC which is owned by the government. The BBC has many values in which they have to put through their programmes that are aired by the institution. EastEnders is aired before the water –shed period time which does not allow the character to swear or show sexual content which allows the whole family enjoy the soap opera. As the BBC has many values to present they have to follow them in soap operas and entertain as well as inform and educate at the same time. EastEnders is able to present these values by showing real case issues and making the public aware of what is happening around us. EastEnders was successful in doing this in Whitney’s storyline by making people aware of illegal underage sex. The storyline helped Children in Need raise money and make the public aware of what is happening in the world around us.

In my opinion I think that it matters that the government own BBC One which the soap is broadcasted on. It is harder to show the values and doing all three at the same time at once. Also if mistakes are made before the watershed time it could harm the reputation of the BBC.

Media Audiences

EastEnders is addressed to a wide range of audiences. The main target audience are teenagers and young adults. Also people in CDE classes would be the typical working class to be watching the soap opera as they are more able to engage with what is happening than someone who is an higher profession such as a lawyer or doctor. The soap opera is broadcasted at a time which the whole family can watch the soap while having their dinner or before. The soap is broadcasted before the watershed time period which connotes the values of the BBC as there is no swearing and no sexual content which makes the soap suitable for all ages.

The soap opera has a large audience as the soap has been popular since it was first aired. Christmas 2010 EastEnders received 11 million views with hitting the audience with one of their most controverstic headlines which received many complaints. This brought a lot of publicity for the soap and made many people watch the soap to find out what was happening. 

http://www.bbc.co.uk/eastenders/
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088512/
http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080916080542AA860gq

Summer Project Ideas

Ideas for Films:

• Dark Knight
• Harry Potter 7  Part 2
• Bad Teacher
• Pirates of the Caribbean On Stranger Tides
• P.S. I love you
• Transformers3 : Dark of the Moon
• Mean Girls
• Green Lantern
• Hangover 2
• X-Men: First Class
• Adulthood
• Kidulthood
• Fast and Furious

Ideas for Television Text:

• EastEnders
• Hollyoaks
• One Tree Hill
• Waterloo Road
• The Apprentice
• Desperate Housewives
• Keeping Up With the Kardashians
• 90210
• Misfits
• X - Factor
• Big Brother
• Skins
• Gossip Girl

Games:

• Fifa 2011
• Need for Speed
• Call of Duty: Black Ops
• Little Big Planet
• Virtua Tennis 4
• GTA
• LA Noire